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For the purpose of our study, we prefer a definition
that relies on objective, measurable criteria. We characterize a behavior
as altruistic when 1) it is directed towards helping another,
2) it involves a high risk or sacrifice to the actor, 3) it
is accomplished by no external reward, and 4) it is voluntary.
Heroic altruism involves greater risk to the helper, whereas conventional
altruism is not life-threatening to the helper. |
| < - - - Heroic - - - C O N T I N U U
M - - - Conventional - - - > |
Christian Rescuers
- Courage
- Empathy
- Learned caring norms
- Social responsibility
- Acquired a moral code of justice
- Self-esteem
- Self-efficacy
- Religious factors
- Agape
- Attachment (bonding)
- Inclusiveness
- Courage
Examples
- Perlasca
- Trocme'
- Wallenberg
- Schindler
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Jewish Rescuers
- Courage
- Empathy
- Compassion
- Defiance
- Moral-Outrage
- Self-efficacy
- Justice
- Self-esteem
- Normative Group Affiliation
- Agape
Examples
- Hannah Senesz
- Bachner
- Bielski Bros.
- Luba Gercak
- Werber
|
Military Heroes
- Courage
- Moral Code
- Efficacy
- Social Responsibility
- Honor
- Patriotism
- Virtue
- Valour
- Normative - Group Affiliation
Examples
- Victoria Cross Winners
- Congresstional Medal of Honor Winners
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Carnegie Heroes
- Courage
- Moral Code
- Efficacy
- Religious factors
- Internalized caring norms
- Compassion
- Social Responsibility
- Agape
Examples
- Misty Waters
- Wywadis
- 8,300 more
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Moral Examplars
- Compassion
- Moral code
- Internalized norms of caring
- Empathy
- Social Responsibility
- Religious factors
- Efficacy
- Agape
Examples
- Gandhi
- Mandela
- Wiesel
- Mother Teresa
- and other less famous people
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Hospice Volunteers
- Compassion
- Need for affiliation
- Reciprocal helping
- Attachment to others
- Internalized norms of caring
- Empathy
Examples
- MacDonald (Humboldt County)
- Hazeltine (Bay Area)
- Stepansky (Boston Area)
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