1. Sustainability, as defined by Viederman, is a...
   measurement tool used to determine the point at which gross domestic product is maximized.
   community's control and prudent use of all forms of capital--natures capital, human capital, human-created capital, social capitol, and cultural capital--to ensure to the degree possible, that present and future generations can attain a high degree of economic security and achieve democracy while maintaining the integrity of the ecological systems upon which all life and production depends.
   point of optimum in which labor reaches a steady state level of productivity.
   concept that links ecology to democratic process, and is always in conflict with economic systems.
   

2. Which of the following best describes human capital?
   The accumulation of stories, visions, and myths shared by people which provide the framework for how people view the world.
   The stock of civic virtues and network of civic engagement, involvement, and trust essential to democratic institutions.
   The knowledge, skills, and capabilities that people can deploy to create a flow of useful work for community and economy.
   All of the above.
   

3. True or false: The term "Creative capital" refers to the tools, equipment, and technologies that economists traditionally think of as the capital stock.
   True.
   False.
   

4. Which of the following are the three pillars of sustainability (as described by Viederman) whose integrity is necessary for a sustainable society?
   Economy, democratic process, and ecology.
   Environment, biodiversity, and ecology.
   Regulation, privatization, and technological advancement.
   Liberty, capitalism, and the coercive power of the state.
   

5. What are the three global imperatives that, according to the International Institute for Sustainable Development, must be balanced for a sustainable society?
   Limitation of television viewing, production of self-cooling beverage containers, and reduced dependence on bicycles.
   Minimal government, creation of an opportunity economy, and resource development.
   Increased health care for the elderly, reduced crime rates, and lower property taxes.
   Environmental integrity, economic efficiency, and the well-being of all people.
   

6. True or false: One of the central dilemmas confronting the sustainability movement is the problem of enhancing ecological integrity in a world with a decreasing human population.
   True.
   False.
   

7. The theory of path dependence suggests that:
   Where we are today, and where we are going in the future, is partly a function of the particular events that make up our history.
   Important economic variables such as the inflation rate and interest rate are determined by past events and are largely unaffected by contemporary events.
   Economies whose infrastructure is build around cheap fossil-fuels have little difficulty shifting to energy alternatives.
   Economies are forward-looking and so are largely independent of past decisions and investments.
   

8. According to the World Bank, how many people in the world did not have access to safe drinking water as of the early 1990s?
   1 million.
   50 million.
   500 million.
   1 billion.
   

9. Which of the following situations is consistent with the Kuznets hypothesis relating income inequality to economic growth?
   Economies with the largest income inequalities grow the fastest.
   The richest economies tend to have the largest income inequalities.
   Poorer economies tend to have the largest inequality in income.
   There is no evidence that economic wealth or growth is related in any way to income inequality.
   

10. True or false: Access to political and economic participation differs across men and women, and forms one of the challenges confronting sustainability.
    True.
    False.
    

11. Which statement best describes the opportunity cost of capital for a profit-maximizing firm?
    The sum of the income that one could have earned by investing in each of the other possible alternative income-generating assets.
    The income that could have been earned by investing money in the most lucrative alternative financial asset, such as a portfolio of stocks, bonds, or real estate.
    The cost of borrowing money to finance the purchase a capital asset as opposed to paying cash.
    All of the above.
    

12. Determine the PDV of a future environmental benefit: the benefit will be realized five years from the present, is estimated to be $10,000, and the appropriate discount rate is 5%.
    9133.87
    $8832.96
    7835.26
    $6844.30
    

13. Which of the following best describes the impact that large-scale international development lending has had on many developing countries?
    Creation of a greater sense of community along with increased standards of living.
    A strengthening of environmental regulations, leading toward a more sustainable society.
    In many cases failed large-scale projects, external debt, economic restructuring aimed at resource extraction and exportation, and displacement of local indigenous peoples.
    In most cases improved environmental health, increased standards of living, and protection of indigenous property rights systems, cultural capital, and the commons that they depend upon for their livelihood.
    

14. True or false: On the whole, Structural Adjustment Loans have been damaging to the wealthy countries, but beneficial to the lower-income debtor countries.
    True.
    False.
    

15. From the perspective of the Earth Charter, how do sustainable development policies differ from conventional economic development policies?
    Conventional development policies focus more attention on environmental protection but less on male literacy and empowerment.
    Conventional development policies focus more attention on increasing a country's per-capita real income.
    Conventional development policies focus more attention on protecting the traditional property rights and common-pool resource systems of indigenous peoples.
    Sustainable development policies concentrate on economic efficiency and quantitative growth targets, while conventional economic development focuses on economic justice.
    

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