CONCEPTS:

1. Explain how seismic measurements are used to give tsunami warnings.

2. Explain what a storm surge is and what it does. How do tides affect the damage done by storm surges? What happens when a storm surge enters a bay that narrows? Why is Bangladesh particularly susceptible to devastation by storm surges?

3. Explain, using the Equilibrium Theory of Tides, how the moon is responsible for semidiurnal tides (you can use the notion of centrifugal force, as we did in class, or the more accurate centripetal force if you so desire). Draw a diagram to help with your explanation. [Assume there are no continents on the Earth and the axis of rotation of the Earth is perpendicular to plane of the Earth-moon orbit. ]

4. Explain, using the Equilibrium Theory of Tides, why the Earth has spring and neap tides. Draw a diagram to help with your explanation. At what phases of the moon does this theory predict spring tides? neap tides? Which is generally more important in generating the tides, the moon or the sun?

5. What are some problems with the predictions from the Equilibrium Theory of Tides? What is the biggest error in the assumptions of this theory? What is the tidal range generally greater at the coast than it is in the deep ocean? [hint: Coriolis force]

TERMINOLOGY: Be able to define/discuss the following:

CONCEPTS:

1. List five factors affecting sea level change. Identify which are eustatic and which are isostatic.

2. What factors which affect shore erosion rates?

3, Describe and explain why there is a seasonal (i.e. winter vs. summer) evolution of beaches.

 4. Explain what is meant by referring to beaches as 'rivers of sand'. Discuss the ocean processes that are involved.

5. Draw a picture of a long, straight coastline with a straight beach. Indicate in which direction you will assume longshore transport is. Next, put in an imaginary groin at one location along the beach. Finally, draw what you think the new beach will look like after several months. (Alternatively, put a breakwater in front of, and parallel to the beach. Draw a diagram to indicate how the beach would be expected to evolve if there was no dredging operation).

TERMINOLOGY: Be able to define/discuss the following:

CONCEPTS:

 1. Give a working definition of life. How is life related to entropy?

2. Describe what producers do with energy from sunlight. How is chlorophyll involved?

3. List three categories of organisms that respire.

4. How are photosynthesis and respiration related?

5. How does the transparency of water affect the existence of marine life? What kinds of things influence the penetration of light into the ocean?

6. Describe the nitrogen cycle in the oceanic environment (ignore inputs from rivers; include a diagram if you wish). With all the dissolved nitrogen available in seawater, why are so many organisms biologically still limited by availability of nitrogen?

7. How do the sources of nutrients in the neritic zone differ from the sources in the oceanic zone?

8. What is the scientific explanation behind the fact that marine organisms have a smaller range of temperature tolerance than terrestrial organisms? How does the metabolic rate of organisms vary with temperature?

9. Describe the function of cell membranes.

10. Describe what would happen to the cells in a marine fish placed in freshwater. Is the fish isotonic, hypertonic, or hypotonic with respect to that environment?

11. Name four types of poisonings associated with phytoplankton blooms and describe the associated symptoms.

12. Describe the transfer efficiency of energy from sunlight to primary producers and at each subsequent trophic level. How is energy transfer different from nutrient cycling in an ecosystem?

13. Why is buoyancy an important issue for marine organisms? Name four different ways marine organisms have adapted to minimize energy use in order to stay at a preferred depth.

TERMINOLOGY: Be able to define/discuss the following:

TERMINOLOGY: Be able to define/discuss the following:

CONCEPTS:

1. Provide a general description of a pollutant. Name four factors which affect the response of an organism to a pollutant.

2. Describe what happens when an oil spill occurs. What factors influence the ultimate consequences of an oil spill?

3. What kinds of cleanup methods for oil spills can worsen the ecological consequences, and how?

4. Describe how pesticide applications of DDT got into the marine food chain and ultimately led to problems with pelican populations.

5. What is eutrophication and how is it caused? What are the signs and symptoms of eutrophication?

6. Describe briefly how the following pollutants affect the marine environment: solid waste; increased sediments; waste heat; introduction of exotic species; ozone layer depletion.

TERMINOLOGY: Be able to define/discuss the following:

CONCEPTS:

1. Explain how it might be advantageous to marine organisms to be transparent? blue? red? silvery? How might lateral and vertical bands be advantageous?

2. Why, in general, are green algae found in relatively shallow waters and red algae in deeper waters?

3. Discuss five ways in which different planktonic organisms can be adapted to increase their buoyancy.

4. Discuss three ways in which nektonic organisms can be adapted to increase their buoyancy.

5. Discuss 3 ways in which schooling behavior might be an effective adaptation for some nekton.