1. Abhorrence (noun). A feeling of extreme dislike.
Many settlers felt abhorrence for their Indian neighbors.

2. Abrogate (verb). To abolish by formal or official means; repeal. To put aside.
By the end of the 19th century the federal government had abrogated almost every treaty it signed with Indian nations.

3. Agrarian (adj.). The state of being rural or agricultural in nature.
Some Indians lived in agrarian communities.

4. Annuity (noun). A specified income payable for a fixed time or period.
Some Indian tribes receive an annuity from tribal enterprises on their reservations.

5. Appease (verb). To satisfy or relieve.
Some American Indian Nations tried to appease European settlers by giving up part of their land.

6. Appraise (verb). To estimate the quality or importance of something.
European settlers appraised tribal lands with much interest.

7. Arduous (adj.). Requiring great difficulty.
The Cherokees' forced march to Indian Territory was long and arduous.

8. Atone (verb). To make up for something.
Some descendents of European settlers feel that they must atone for the beliefs and behavior of their ancestors..

9. Civilized (adj.). Having an advanced or humane culture. Easy to manage or control.
Europeans generally considered themselves to be more civilized than the Indians of North America.

10. Clan (noun). The principle social unit of a tribal organization. A group of people believed to be descended from a common ancestor.
She was a member of her mother's clan and therefore entitled to all the privileges of her mother's people.

11. Commissary (noun). A store selling equipment and food at a camp or military post.
The soldiers went to the commissary to get supplies before leaving the camp.

12. Compensation (noun). Something given or received as an equivalent for services, debt, loss, injury, suffering, etc.
Many American Indian tribes believe they deserve compensation for the loss of their tribal lands.

13. Confiscate (verb). To seize, or take away.
Settlers confiscated American Indian property when they forced them to leave their lands.

14. Conical (adj.). Having the form of or resembling a cone.
Some Indian homes were conical in shape.

15. Conjecture (noun). The expression of an opinion or theory without enough evidence or proof.
Some settlers conjectured that Indians were uncivilized.

16. Contingent (adj.). Possible, but not certain to happen.
Most policy makers believed that Manifest Destiny was contingent upon the removal of Indians to Indian Territory.

17. Corroborate (verb). To make more certain; to confirm.
White Americans often didn't corroborate their assumptions about Indians with experience or facts.

18. Decrepitude (noun). To be worn out by long use.
Some ancient Indian villages have fallen into decrepitude.

19. Defiance (noun). A daring or bold resistance to authority or to any opposing force.
Some American Indian students at the boarding schools tried to speak their native languages in defiance of their teachers.

20. Derive (verb). To receive or obtain from a source.
When the soldiers forced the Cherokee to march to Indian Country, they derived their authority from the federal government.

21. Destined (adj.). Ordained, appointed, or predetermined to be or do something.
Many Americans believed that the United States was destined to settle all of North America.

20. Detestation (noun). Extreme dislike or hatred.
Some Americans' detestation for Indians was based upon their stereotypes of them.

22. Disavowal (noun). A disowning; denial.
The United State's disavowal of responsibility for American Indians can be challenged by historical events.

23. Discretion (noun). The power or right to decide or act according to one's own judgement.
Indian removal was carried out at the discretion of the United States government.

24. Dismantle (verb). To take apart.
Some Indians tribes would dismantle their entire villages and move when the season changed.

25. Dispossession (noun). The act of  depriving a person or group of people of their homes, possessions, or  security.
The American Indians were dispossessed of their land, homes, possessions, and security during the era of Manifest Destiny.

26. Diversity (noun). A variety; many types.
There is great diversity in the cultural and spiritual beliefs of various Indian Nations.

27. Drought (noun). A period of dry weather, especially a long one that is harmful to crops.
The drought ruined native crops and caused many people to go hungry.

28. Eloquently (adverb). Expressing powerfully, fluently, forcefully, and appropriately in speech.
Descendents of the Cherokees eloquently describe the experiences of their ancestors on the Trail of Tears.

29. Embezzle (verb). To take fraudulently for one's own use.
In most Indian societies, it was not considered appropriate to embezzle from one's community.

30. En route (adj.). On the way.
They stopped en route to Indian Country to water the horses.

31. Encroach (verb). To trespass upon the property or rights of another.
During the era of Manifest Destiny, non-Indian settlers regularly  encroached upon Indian land.

32. Erode (verb). To eat into or away; destroy slowly or disintegrate.
Many laws have been passed by the United States Congress that eroded the sovereignty of American Indian Nations.

33. Exile (noun). Expulsion from one's native lands.
The Cherokee people were forced into exile after passage of the Removal Act.

34. Exodus (noun). A departure or emigration, usually of large numbers of people.
Removal involved an exodus of a large number of Indian people.

35. Extenuate (verb). To underestimate, underrate.
Many Americans tend to extenuate injustices committed against American Indians.

36. Extralegal (adj.). Being beyond the authority of law.
Some of the extralegal actions American people have taken against Indian people have been unjust.

37. Fodder (noun). Coarse food for horses.
The horses were given fodder so that they would be ready for the long trip.

38. Fortify (verb). To protect or strengthen against attack.
Many Indian tribes fortified their villages so that they would be prepared for an attack.

39. Heathen (noun). A person who does not acknowledge the God of the Bible. An irreligious, uncultured, or uncivilized person.
Christian colonists felt the Indians were heathens who required conversion to Christianity.

40. Incentive (noun). Something that encourages or tends to encourage someone to use effort.
Allotment was passed by the US government because legislators thought it would give Indians the incentive to improve themselves.

41. Inclement (noun/adj.). Severe, stormy weather; without mercy; harsh.
The inclement whether  made the travelers take shelter.

42. Indenture (noun). A contract by which a person is bound to service.
American Indians usually were not bound by indentured service to settlers.

43. Indiscriminate (adj.). Perceiving no difference.
Some soldiers indiscriminately killed Indians simply because they were Indians.

44. Indoctrinate (verb). To instruct or teach, especially with a specific or biased belief or point of view.
Many white Europeans wanted to indoctrinate Indian children so that they could become Americanized.

45. Inevitable (adj.). Unable to be avoided, evaded or escaped; certain; necessary.
Some people believe that it was inevitable that the European settlers took Indian lands for themselves.

46.  Inherently (adverb).  Existing in someone or something as a permanent and inseperable element, quality, or attribute.
American Indians are inherently sovereign.

47. Innovation (noun). Something new or different that is introduced.
The Cherokee alphabet was an innovation that benefited the community.

48. Invalidate (verb). To discredit.
Boarding school teachers invalidated Indian culture when they would not allow Indian children speak their own languages.

49. Irrepressible (adj.). Incapable of holding back; uncontrollable.
The irrepressible desire of many American Indian tribes to keep their culture alive has prompted the revival of many ancient traditions.

50. Loiter (verb). To linger aimlessly.
By the end of the 19th Century, some Indians loitered on the reservations because they could no longer be involved in traditional activities.

51. Mired (verb). To become stuck in mud or bogged down by something.
Current relations between Indains and non-Indians can often get mired in the actions of the past.

52. Noble savage (noun). A term used to describe American Indians in a wild state, and to express an idealized view of the Indian's pace within nature.
When non-Indians think of the early American Indians as noble savages, they are often romanticizing Indian history.

53. Palliation (noun). An act of  Relieving or alleviating.
Some might consider the trust relationship between the federal government and American Indians to be an act of  palliation for past suffering.

54. Pastoral (adj.). Describing the country or life in the country; rural.
Before European contact, North American Indians lived a pastoral lifestyle.

55. Paternalistic (adj.). The state of dealing with individuals or nations like a father who is benevolent but often intrusive with his children.
When the president referred to Indians as "my children,"  he was being paternalistic.

56. Perpetrators (noun). A person who commits a crime.
The perpetrators of the crimes against Indians were hardly ever punished in the days of Manifest Destiny.

57. Perpetuity (noun). Endless or indefinitely long duration or existence; eternity.
The United States made treaties with the Indians that promised them their land in perpetuity.

58. Poignant (adj.). Painful to the feelings.
The poignant history of Indian boarding schools is too painful for some tribal members to discuss.

59. Predominance (noun). The condition of having power, authority or influence over others.
By the end of the 19th Century, the United States Congress was in a position of political predominance over Indian Nations.

60. Rationalize (verb). To justify one's acts or opinions to reasonable causes and valid but that actually are unrelated to the real causes.
Many Americans rationalized their treatment of Indians by claiming it was the only way to civilize them.

61. Renounce (verb). To give up or put aside.
When Indian children attended boarding school, they had to renounce their native origins and become Americanized.

62. Repeal (verb). To revoke or abolish by passing a law.
The Dawes Act was repealed in 1934.

63. Reservations (noun). A tract of public land set apart by the federal government for the use of an Indian tribe.
Many Indians were forced to leave their homes for reservations.

64. Retaliation (noun). Revenge; the act of repaying for an injury in kind.
Non-Indian settlers often committed acts of retaliation against Indians when they believed Indians had harmed or threatened them.

65. Right-of-way (noun). A right of passage, especially over another's land.
Some Indian nations granted settlers right-of-way through their land.

66. Ritual (noun). A prescribed or established rite, ceremony, proceeding, or service.
American Indians used rituals in their religious ceremonies that were unknown and misunderstood by European settlers.

67. Savage (noun). An uncivilized human being, a fierce, brutal or cruel person. A member of a society in which people are not literate.
Many 19th century Americans were frightened of the Indian people whom they believed were savages.

68. Self-sustaining (adj.). Self-supporting.
Many tribes lived in independent,  self-sustaining communities.

69. Smite (verb). To strike or hit hard.
Some Christian colonizers believed that God would smite those Indians who would not covert to Christianity.

70. Sovereign (noun). A group, body of persons, or a state having political and personal authority.
When Europeans arrived in North America all Indian nations were sovereign.

71. Sovereignty (noun). Supreme and independent power or authority in government as possessed or claimed by a state or community.
Today, Indian tribes exercise a certain degree of sovereignty on their reservations.

72. Subsistence (noun). The source from which food and other items necessary to exist are obtained.
In the 18th Century, some tribes consisted primarily of  subsistence farmers.

73. Stereotype (noun). A simplified and standardized image based on the perceptions of and held in common by members of a group.
The stereotype many people have about early American Indians is that they were uncivilized, heathen savages.

74. Subjugate (verb). To Bring under complete control; conquer; master.
The Army tried to subjugate several Indian tribes.

75. Trust relationship (noun).  The responsibility assumed by the United States government to protect the
interests of Indians who are considered to be domestic dependent nations living within the boundaries of the United States.  Such responsibility is derived from a treaty signed by the U.S. government and an Indian tribe.
When the United States government signed a treaty with an Indian nation, they entered into a trust relationship with its people.

76. Uncivilized (adj.). Uncultured, barbarous.
Although many colonists believed the Indians were uncivilized, they were really advanced in terms of their political, social, and cultural organization.

77. Vigilante (noun). Any person who takes the law into his or her own hands. (adj.) Done violently, without using lawful procedures.
Throughout the 19th Century, some Americans and Indians resorted to vigilante justice when dealing with each other.

78. Wantonly (adverb). Deliberately and without motive or provocation.
Federal policy wantonly called for Indian extermination.

79. Weltering (adj.). Lying in turmoil.
The Indians were weltering on the reservations as they tried to figure a way back to their homelands.