Dr. Günter Blobel was awarded the 1999 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. He discovered that newly synthesized proteins have an intrinsic signal or "zip code" to direct proteins to the intracellular organelle where they are needed. The signal is merely a particular sequence of amino acids at one end (or within) the protein.

E 2. Which of the statements is incorrect about facilitated diffusion

a. It requires energy expenditure by the cell

b. It requires a concentration gradient

c. It requires a substrate-specific integral membrane protein

d. It is involved with the transport of water, gases, and small nonpolar substances

a. Which line represents the bag that contained a solution

isotonic to the 0.6 molar solution at the beginning of the

experiment?

bag C

b. Which line represents the bag with the highest initial

concentration of sucrose?

D 4. The direct energy source that drives ATP synthesis during respiratory oxidative phosphorylation is

a. oxidation of glucose to CO₂ and water

b. the thermodynamically favorable flow of electrons from NADH to the mitochondrial electron transport carriers

c. the final transfer of electrons to oxygen

e. thermodynamically favorable transfer of phosphate molecules (from glycolysis and Krebs cycle intermediates) to ADP

B 5. During aerobic respiration, electrons travel downhill from

a. food-->Krebs Cycle-->ATP--> NAD+

c. glucose-->ATP-->oxygen

d. glucose-->ATP-->electron transport chain-->NADH

e. food-->glycolysis-->Krebs Cycle-->NADH-->ATP

C 6. In addition to ATP, what are the end products of glycolysis?

a. CO₂ and lactic acid (lactate)

b. CO₂ and NADH

d. CO₂ and H₂O

e. H₂O and lactic acid (lactate)

F 7.) What is happening in the reaction shown to the right? ( a step in glycolysis)

a. some of the Carbon atoms (that came from food ) are being oxidized, and NAD+ is being reduced

b. some of the Carbon atoms (that came from food ) are being reduced, and NAD+ is being oxidized

c. substrate level phosphorylation

d. energy is being spent

e. the stage is being set for creation of ATP by substrate level phosphorylation in subsequent reactions

g. b and e are correct

h. all are correct except b

B 8. All of the following statements are correct regarding the Calvin Cycle of photosynthesis EXCEPT:

a. The energy source utilized is the ATP and NADPH obtained through the light reactions.

c. the 5-carbon sugar RuBP (ribulose bis-phosphate) is constantly being regenerated

d. one of the end products is glyceraldehyde phosphate

e. It is the means by which CO₂ is reduced to sugar (biomass)

A 9. Which of the following statements is a correct distinction between cyclic and noncyclic photophosphorylation?

b. only noncyclic photophosphorylation produces ATP

c. Only cyclic photophosphorylation utilizes light at 700 nm

d. Chemiosmosis is unique to noncyclic photophosphorylation

e. Only cyclic photophosphorylation can operate in the absence of photosystem II.

C 10. Thomas Engelmann illuminated a filament of algae with light that passed through a prism, thus exposing different segments of the algal filament to different wavelengths of light. He added aerobic bacteria and found that these bacteria congregated in the areas illuminated by red and blue light.

If you ran the same experiment without passing light through a prism, what would you predict?

a. There would be no difference in results

b. The number of bacteria would decrease along the entire length of the filament

d. The number of bacteria would increase along the entire length of the filament

e. the algal filament would stop photosynthesizing

11.) In no more than 3 sentences, explain why you answered Question 10 as you did. (4 pts)

11. There are several poisons that dissolve in membranes and allow protons (H⁺) to diffuse across the membrane until equilibrium is reached.- What would be the effect of this type of poison on plants? animals? and fermenting organisms like yeast? Be specific with respect to telling me the exact process that is inhibited by this type of poison. (6 pts)

B 12. Which of the following does not reproduce cells by mitosis and cytokinesis

a. redwood tree

c. mushroom

d. protozoa

e. algae

13. Suppose you have a way to measure the DNA concentration/cell during the cell cycle. You first measure the DNA concentration of an autosomal cell at G1 and find it to be 10 fg/cell (fg = femtogram = 10^-15 gram/cell). At what points during the rest of the cell cycle will this concentration change - and what will it be during these other stages? (5 pts)

D 14.) What role do kinases play in the cell cycle

a. they control the activities of other proteins by adding a phosphate to that protein

b. They are involved in allowing cells to proceed past checkpoints in the cell cycle

c. the activity in a cell may be dependent on how much cyclin is present

e. none of the above are true

B 15.) Which of the following events occurs in prophase 1 of meiosis

a. reduction in chromosome number

c. duplication of chromatids

d. segregation of alleles of linked genes

e. segregation of alleles of unlinked genes

B 16.) Which of the following is FALSE in comparing both prophase I of meiosis and prophase of mitosis

a. The chromosomes condense in both

c. The nuclear envelope disassembles in both

d. A spindle forms in both

e. Each chromosome has two chromatids

E 18.) Feather color in budgie is determined by 2 different genes (Y and B).

Y_B_ = green

yyB_ = blue

Y_bb = yellow

yybb = white

If a green budgie is crossed with a blue budgie, which of the following is NOT possible

a. all green offspring

b. all blue offspring

c. all white offspring

d. all yellow offspring

b 19.) The inheritance of color in budgies is an example of

a. incomplete dominance

c. sex-linkage

d. codominance

e. linkage

d 20. A 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio is characteristic of the

a. F1 generation of a monohybrid cross

b. F2 generation of a monohybrid cross

c. F1 generation of a dihybrid cross

e. F2 generation of a trihybrid cross

21.What does the 9:3:3:1 mean with respect to phenotypes? (i.e. 9 what?, 3 what? etc..) (4 pts)

22. This 9:3:3:1 ratio provides support for which of Mendel's laws? (Don't just tell me 1 or 2 - tell me what the law is and what it means.) (5 pts)

23.Using the rules of probability, determine the probability that an offspring will be recessive for at least one trait given the parental genotypes listed below. Assume these genes are unlinked and autosomal.

P = purple flowers (dominant), p = white flowers (recessive)

Y = yellow peas (dominant), y = green peas (recessive)

You must show all work to receive credit. (6 pts)

Parental Cross = ppYy (female) x PpYy (male)

24. A man (Bruno) with hemophilia (recessive, sex-linked condition) has a daughter (Buffy) of normal phenotype. Buffy marries a man (Bitzy) who is normal for the trait. What is the probability that Buffy and Bitzy will have a son with hemophilia? What is the probability they will have a daughter with hemophilia? ( 4pts)

Bruno - must be X^hY

Buffy must be X^hX^H

Bitzy must be X^HY