HSU Geography

Department Style Guide for Research Papers

(rev. January 2002)

Prepared & Updated by Prof. Judy Walton

Table of Contents

SUBJECT PAGE

I. General Format and Organization 2

II. Figures and Tables 5

III. Quotations and Plagiarism 6

IV. Writing Tips 8

V. Citations (in the Text) 10

VI. Bibliography 11

I. GENERAL FORMAT AND ORGANIZATION

GENERAL FORMAT

Papers should be typed, double-spaced, with 1-inch margins, and 12-point font unless otherwise specified.

Use spell check and grammar check. Never turn in a final paper without spell-checking it first. But this alone isn’Äôt enough. Read paper aloud, or to yourself, word for word. Make sure it is clear and unambiguous.

Text should be left justified (except for abstract).

Pages must be numbered in upper right corner, beginning with page 2 (i.e., do not number first page).

Bibliography (or "References") should begin on a separate page. Continue numbering.

Staple pages together in upper left corner. Do not use binders, folders, or other covers.

FIRST PAGE

Type your name, course number and title, professor, and date in upper left corner of first page. Skip two lines and type the title in BOLD, Initial Capitals, centered. Skip two lines and type the abstract (if required) or else begin the paper.

Abstract: No longer than 150 words. Indent abstract and use full justification. Use 1 _ line spacing instead of double spacing. Type "ABSTRACT." in bold. Type "Keywords:" in italics. Give no more than 5 keywords from paper (they don’Äôt necessarily have to be drawn from the abstract). Example:

[From Ryder, Roy, and Lawrence A. Brown. 2000. Urban-System Evolution on the Frontier of the Ecuadorian Amazon. The Geographical Review 90 (4): 511-535.]

ABSTRACT. Like the North American frontier, Ecuador’Äôs Amazonian margin has advanced in periodic waves. But the impetus has been extremely varied, interlacing periods of socioeconomic crisis with times of prosperity. Recent events in eastern Ecuador confirm that urbanization is a fundamental component of frontier development in South America. The urbanization process is not a sign, however, of regional economic strength. Capital gains at the periphery are transferred to the nation’Äôs core region. Even the larger boom towns display little functional specialization; they are, instead, precariously dependent on employment in the public-service sector. Nonetheless, urban centers in the Ecuadorian Amazon continue to grow and to drain surrounding rural areas of younger and more educated individuals. Keywords: Amazon, boom towns, Ecuador, frontier regions, regional development.

Epigraph (optional): It is often desirable to begin your paper with an interesting or pithy quotation. Skip two lines after the abstract or title to begin the epigraph. Use italics for the epigraph, and indent it on both right and left sides. Skip a line and give the name of the author, followed by a comma and date (if needed). If the author is well known, you do not have to include a date or source, or list in bibliography. If author is not well known, epigraph should include author’Äôs first and last names, and date, and you must provide a full citation in your bibliography. Here are three examples:

Protecting Privacy in Foreign Fields
[Myers, Garth Andrew. 2001. The Geographical Review 91 (1-2): 192-200.]

And you may find yourself in another part of the world
And you may ask yourself, well, how did I get here?

-- Talking Heads, "Once in a Lifetime," 1980

Extreme Geography

[Nemeth, David J. 1997. The California Geographer 37: 11-31.]

If you look too deeply into the abyss, the abyss will look into you.

-- Friedrich Nietzsche

Colonialism and Landscape in the Americas: Material/Conceptual Transformations and Continuing Consequences

[Sluyter, Andrew. 2001. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 91 (2): 410-428.]

It is clear that, for the most part, they have taken on only the more superficial aspects and values of modern life. Can western civilization offer them no more?

-- Oscar Lewis, 1951

More Examples: For more examples of abstracts and epigraphs (and how to format them) see recent issues of The Geographical Review (GR) in the Harper Room or Library.

BODY OF PAPER

Introduction: Your paper must begin with an introduction that includes at minimum: 1) a statement of your thesis or problem, or what the paper is about, and 2) a summary of how the paper is organized. You may wish to begin the introduction with an anecdote, a short personal story, or some background information relevant to the topic. Somewhere you should state why this topic is important.

Literature Review (optional): For some topics, your teacher may ask you to do a literature review (which is not the same as a literary review)! Examples of "lit reviews" abound in professional geography journals, and you should read recent issues of The Geographical Review to see how it is done. The lit review is basically a summary of what has been written about your topic by other scholars. It should not be a list of who wrote what, but a presentation of the main perspectives on your topic. How have scholars approached the topic in the past? You then simply cite all the authors who wrote from each approach (no need to discuss them individually, unless one person clearly stands out). Often the lit review is presented chronologically, to show how approaches to the topic have changed over time. But you may wish to present concurrent approaches to the topic.

Subheadings: If your paper is over 5 or 6 pages long, you might want to use subheadings, such as INTRODUCTION and CONCLUSION. Subheadings should be in all caps and centered; do not skip extra lines before or after the subheading.

Paragraphs: Use present tense, not future. Use topic sentences, and organize paragraphs to express a series of ideas. Connect ideas together with transition sentences. Don’Äôt lose sight of your main points. "Signpost" for the reader -- let reader know where you are going.

Conclusion: Your paper must end with a conclusion that offers: 1) a summary of the main points of the paper, 2) your findings or results, 3) the meaning of your findings and implications for future research, 4) speculations and conclusions.

Tone and Tense: Unless your teacher directs you otherwise, use a formal tone in your writing, and use present tense. (Example: "This paper examines’Ķ" instead of "In this paper I will look at’Ķ") Use third person wherever possible, but it is OK to occasionally insert yourself ("I believe’Ķ" "My spring break in Ecuador gave me the idea for this paper...", etc.)

II. FIGURES AND TABLES

GUIDELINES

1. Figures (maps, photos, graphs) and Tables (charts, tables) must be cited from within the text, at the end of sentence. Example:

Prayer and worship were very common among pilgrims, as were visiting or creating an altar or shrine (Figure 4). [In this case, figure is a photo.]

[Source: Huntsinger, Lynn, and Maria Fernandez-Gimenez. 2000. Spiritual Pilgrims at Mount Shasta, California. The Geographical Review 90 (4): 536-558.]

2. Figures and Tables must appear after they are cited within the text. Insert figure or table into your paper as close as possible to its first citation. Figure or table should take up entire width of page, but text may scroll above and below it.
3. FIGURES: Always include a caption below every figure. Format caption according to GR style, and be sure to include a source (in parentheses) following the caption. List source in bibliography, unless unnecessary as in following example:

FIG. 4 ’Äî An altar built near Panther Spring, on the slopes of Mount Shasta’Ķ. Note that soil in front of the altar is bare. (Photography by Paul F. Starrs, 1992)

[Taken from same article as above]

4. TABLES: Captions go above tables or charts. Use Roman Numerals and UPPERCASE LETTERING. Example:

TABLE II ’Äî FIELD MEASUREMENTS AND GROUNDWATER QUALITY IN WELLS SAMPLED IN CHUNCHUCMIL, 22-27 JULY 1997

Citation within text: "My field and laboratory investigations in 1994 and 1997 established well locations and station characteristics, EC measurements, and depths to the water surface (Tables I and II)."

[Source: Luzzadder-Beach, Sheryl. 2000. Water Resources of the Chunchucmil Maya. The Geographical Review 90 (4): 493-510.]

5. See The Geographical Review (GR) for more examples of formatting figures and tables.

III. QUOTATIONS AND PLAGIARISM

QUOTATIONS

1. Always introduce a quote; do not simply insert it into the middle of your text. See any journal for examples of how to introduce quotes and maintain a smooth flow of text.
2. Vary the way you use a quote, and limit the amount actually quoted. Try to paraphrase wherever possible. Example:

Burtless and his fellow writers do allow that, on rare occasions, judgments can be passed on the policies of other states. "It is possible," they concede, "that a country’Äôs behavior may be so reprehensible’Ķthat another nation may unilaterally refuse to trade with it." [Note the use of paraphrasing, and the way the quotation is broken up with "they concede"]

[From Lewis, Martin. 2000. Global Ignorance. The Geographical Review 90 (4): 603-628.]

3. Use quotation marks around any direct quote from an author or speaker.
4. Put all punctuation except colons inside quotation marks. Exception: if a source is given at the end of a sentence, put period last. Examples:

Studies give evidence that Mount Shasta has been "significant to explorers, naturalists, artists, and spiritual seekers for over a century."

In response to the question, "How important is it to you to worship the meadows or mountain or gods within or near them?" 45 percent said it was extremely important.

[Source: Huntsinger, Lynn, and Maria Fernandez-Gimenez. 2000. Spiritual Pilgrims at Mount Shasta, California. The Geographical Review 90 (4): 536-558.]

Following is a list of what Gray calls "newly industrial countries":

"Whether we like it or not, tourism is the major business for Leavenworth and its surrounding area" (Booth 1991).

5. Use quotation marks to indicate a term is used by another author, or to question a term (such as "sustainable" development).
6. ITALICS: Use italics rather than quotation marks for foreign or Latin words, uncommon terms, and titles of books, articles, and journals. Also use italics for extra emphasis within a quotation. After the quotation, you must write (in parentheses) "Emphasis added."
7. Use single quotation marks around a quotation inside of another quotation.
8. BRACKETS: Use brackets around information that you insert into a quotation, generally to make the meaning clearer. Example:

"Here [in Syria] the iron fist of the ruling tribe, not the hidden hand of the marketplace, still dominates politics."

[From Lewis, Martin. 2000. Global Ignorance. The Geographical Review 90 (4): 603-628.]

9. ELLIPSIS MARKS: Use ellipsis marks (’Ķ) to indicate that you have left out portions of a quotation. If you leave out a few words in a sentence, use three periods (’Ķ). If you leave out an entire sentence or more, use four periods (’Ķ.).
10. LONG QUOTES: Indent and single-space quotations that run over four lines. Omit quotation marks.

PLAGIARISM

What is Plagiarism? (Taken from OWL 9, HSU Library Web Site)

Submitting work (words, ideas) as your own that is someone else’Äôs. For example, copying material from a book or other source without acknowledging that the words or ideas are someone else’Äôs. If you copy the author’Äôs words exactly, treat the passage as a direct quotation and supply the appropriate citation. If you use someone else’Äôs ideas, even if you paraphrase the wording, appropriate credit should be given. Obviously, you have committed plagiarism if you purchase or submit a term paper that you did not write.

What is a Copyright?

The copyright law of the United States provides legal protection for the owners of intellectual property, such as writing, works of art, computer software, music, logos, etc. The copyright holder has the right to be compensated (paid) for the use of their property. They may deny permission to use it. They may allow some uses of their property without compensation. They have the right to decide, and those wanting to use their property, with a few exceptions, are required by law to ask permission.

Not all information can be copyrighted, and copyrights do expire after a certain period of time. Still, you should assume that all information you find in doing your research is copyrighted. Under the current law, copyright is assumed to apply to an item as soon as it is created. It is not necessary for an item to be registered with the federal Copyright Office or even for it to have a statement claiming copyright.

Material published by the federal government is in the public domain, or copyright free. Copyrighted items enter the public domain as their copyrights expire. Be aware, though, that copyrights issued during certain periods can be renewed; also, even if the original work is in the public domain, a new edition, translation, or musical arrangement of it can be copyrighted at the time it is produced. All of these factors influence when a work enters the public domain.

Fair Use. The copyright law includes a provision for "fair use" of copyrighted material. Under fair use, copyrighted material may be used for certain purposes without obtaining the permission of the copyright holder. Most of the uses you will make of copyrighted information as an undergraduate are covered by the fair use provision. However, you should be aware of its limitations, especially where the use of images or media is concerned.

Multiple copies: Can you reproduce 20 copies of a favorite article and give it to all your friends? (No.)

Web graphics: While surfing the web, you have come across some really nice looking images that you would like to have on your homepage. Is it all right to download any graphics you find on the internet? (No.)

Common Knowledge: If you find a source saying that the year 2006 is the Year of the Dog in the Chinese zodiac, and then you find another source that verifies this, is it true that you don't have to document it because it is "common knowledge?" (Yes)

IV. WRITING TIPS

General

1. Use a thesaurus and expand your basic vocabulary. Avoid overusing the same word(s).
2. Avoid using "they" or "things" when you can be more specific.
3. Avoid using "you" to address the reader. Where necessary, use "the reader," as in "The reader might be curious about the causes of this outward migration."
4. Avoid run-on sentences. Use two sentences if necessary, or a semicolon.
5. Be concise, omitting unnecessary words. (Example: "unique" instead of "very unique" (you can use "very uncommon" instead. )
6. Use commas to bracket phrases that are not essential to a sentence’Äôs meaning. (Example: "The atlas, which was given to me on my birthday, had a great map of habitat ranges."
7. Do not use a comma after "such as" (Example: "Attempts to reduce single car commutes have been made in many west coast cities, such as Portland, Seattle, and San Francisco.")
8. When beginning a sentence with an introductory phrase or clause, include a comma (as in this very sentence.)
9. Use parallel grammatical form. All items in a series should follow the same grammatical pattern. Verb endings and tenses must agree. (Example: "Her research will involve interviewing people, walking the neighborhood, and taking pictures." You would NOT say "Her research will involve interviews, walking the neighborhood, and picture-taking.")
10. Use active instead of passive voice wherever possible. (Example: "The agency supervisor decided to stop the dam" instead of "A decision was made to stop the dam.")

Common Mix-ups (to Avoid at all Costs)

who/that

Always use "who" when referring to a person or persons; use "that" when referring to an inanimate object, an organization, or an animal

that/which

Use "that" in most cases. Only use "which" when the information following is an aside or a link between two clauses.) Example:

The projection that is most familiar to students is the Mercator projection.

Transportation is the most contentious aspect of New Urbanism, which is often "sold" to public officials based on its supposed transportation benefits.

amount/number

Use ’Äòamount’Äô when the object is uncountable, such as pollution. Use ’Äònumber’Äô when you can count the object(s), such as cars.

its/it’Äôs

its = possessive; it’Äôs = it is

effect/affect

’Äòeffect’Äô is a noun, ’Äòaffect’Äô is a verb. Exception: ’Äòeffect’Äô can be used as a verb to mean ’Äòcause,’Äô generally in combination with the word ’Äòchange,’Äô as in "to effect a change.")

Examples:

The effects of radiation can be severe.

Solar radiation affects plant growth.

as/like

Use ’Äòas’Äô to introduce an entire clause (a clause has a verb in it); use ’Äòlike’Äô as a preposition meaning ’Äòin the same way as’Äô or ’Äòsimilar to.’Äô

principle/principal

principle is a noun that means basic truths or laws, e.g., "the principles of geography". principal is an adjective that means the first, foremost, highest, or most important, as in "the principal exports of Costa Rica include tourism and coffee."
Exception: Principal is also the head administrator of a K-12 school, your "pal."

e.g./i.e.

e.g. means exempli gratia, or "for example"
i.e. means id est, or "that is"
Always use a comma after each abbreviation, e.g., the way it is used here.

there/their/they’Äôre

their = possessive, as in "it’Äôs their favorite town"
they’Äôre = "they are"

you’Äôre/your

you’Äôre = you are

who’Äôs/whose

who = who is

V. CITATIONS (IN THE TEXT)

Note: The Department follows the reference system described as "Documentation Two" in the Chicago Manual of Style, 14^th edition. The same style is also used by The Geographical Review (available in the Harper Room and at HSU Library).

1. Citations should include author, date, and page number(s). No comma between author and date, and no "p." in front of the page number. Example:

(Sauer 1934, 5) [single page]
(Sauer 1934, 5-10) [multiple pages]

2. If referring to an entire work, or a main idea, you do not need to use page numbers.
3. If you are citing two or more references, list them chronologically. Example:

(Taft 1934; Smith 1989, 15)

4. The purpose of a citation is to enable the reader to look up the full source in your bibliography. Therefore, make sure you cite the source by exactly the same name in your bibliography. If you cite the EPA, for example, as in (EPA 1999), then your bibliographic entry must begin with "EPA."
5. Citation should go after a sentence or quotation. The period comes very last.

As noted by one geographer, "For fifty years the concept of human adjustment has fostered a powerful research paradigm" (Kates 1997, 103).

6. The first time you use an author’Äôs name in the body of your text, use the full name. After that, use only the last name. In the citation, always use last name only, unless you have two sources with the same last name; then use a first initial to distinguish them.
7. If you use the author’Äôs name before a citation, include only the date and page in the citation. Example:

According to geographer Mark Monmonier, "The weather map is a cartographic snapshot of the atmosphere" (1997, 41).

VI. BIBLIOGRAPHY

GENERAL

Department follows The Geographical Review for bibliographic formatting.

Start bibliography on a separate page.

At top center of page, type "References" or "Works Cited" (NOT Bibliography), because you will list only references cited within the paper, including captions and end notes. (A bibliography includes additional references beyond those you used in your paper.) Skip two lines and begin entries.

Arrange your entries alphabetically. Do not number them.

Single space each entry, and double space between entries.

List works by the same author in chronological order (the oldest first).

GR style suggests using the author’Äôs first initial, but you may choose to use the author’Äôs full first name. In any case, be consistent ’Äî use ONLY first initials or ONLY full names.

EXAMPLES

Books

Single author/editor

Garreau, J. 1991. Edge City: Life on the New Frontier. London and New York: Doubleday.

Selwyn, T., ed. 1996. The Tourist Image: Myths and Myth Making in Tourism. Chichester, England, and New York: John Wiley.

Multiple authors/editors

Conniff, M., and T.J. Davis. 1994. Africans in the Americas: A History of the Black Diaspora. New York: St. Martin’Äôs Press.

Jackson, P., and J. Penrose, eds. 1994. Constructions of Race, Place, and Nation. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Johnston, R.J., P.J. Taylor, and M.J. Watts, eds. 1995. Geographies of Global Change: Remapping the World in the Late Twentieth Century. Oxford, England, and Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell.

Authored AND edited book (usually because author is dead)

Crosby, H.W. 1981. Last of the Californios. Edited by R.F. Pourade. La Jolla, Calif.: Copley Books.

Stephens, J.L. 1949 [1841]. Incidents of Travel in Central America, Chiapas, & Yucatan. Edited by R.L. Predmore. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press.

Two or more places of publication

Frank, A.G., and B.K. Gills. 1993. The World System: Five Hundred Years or Five Thousand? London and New York: Routledge.

Pearce, D. 1989. Tourist Development. 2d ed. Harlow, England: Longman Scientific & Technical; New York: Wiley.

Multiple editions (specify which edition)

Johnston, R.J., D. Gregory, M. Watts, and G. Pratt, eds. 2000. The Dictionary of Human Geography. 4^th ed. Oxford, England, and Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishers.

Re-issue of published book

Turner, F.J. 1986 [1920]. The Frontier in American History. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.

Sharp, P.F. 1973 [1955]. Whoop-Up Country: The Canadian-American West, 1865-1885. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.

Multivolume works

Meinig, D.W. 1999. Atlantic America, 1492-1800. Vol. 1 of The Shaping of America: A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.

Humboldt, A. von. 1849. Cosmos: A Sketch of a Physical Description of the Universe. Translated by E.C. Otte. 4 vols. London: Henry G. Bohn.

Translated book

Ptolemy [Claudius Ptolemaeus]. 1991. [2d century A.D.]. The Geography. Translated and edited by E.L. Stevenson. Mineola, N.Y.: Dover; London: Constable.

Braudel, F. 1976. The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II. Vol 2. Translated by S. Reynolds. New York: Harper and Row.

Agassiz, L., and E.C. Agassiz. 1938. Viagem ao Brasil, 1865-1866. Translated by E.S. de Mendonca. Sao Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional.

Book in a series

Pozdneyev, A.M. 1971 [1892]. Mongolia and the Mongols. Edited by J.R. Krueger. Translated by J.R. Shaw and D. Plank. Indiana University Publications in Uralic and Altaic Series, 61. Bloomington: Indiana University.

Winzler, S., and S.L. Fedick. 1995. Ancient Maya Wells and Water Resources of the Yalahau Region. In The View from Yalahau: 1993 Archaeological Investigations in Northern Quintana Roo, Mexico, edited by S.L. Fedick and K.A. Taube, 101-113. Field Report Series, 2. Riverside: University of California, Latin American Field Studies Program.

Chapter in a book

Smith, N., and C. Katz. 1993. Grounding Metaphor: Towards a Spatialized Politics. In Place and the Politics of Identity, edited by M. Keith and S. Pile, 67-83. New York and London: Routledge.

Multiple Works by the Same Author

Arrange entries in chronological order. For multiple publications within the same year, use "a" and "b" and arrange alphabetically by title.

Vance, J.E., Jr. 1952. Growth of Suburbanism West of Boston: A Geographical Study of Transportation-Settlement Relationships. Ph.D. diss., Clark University.

______. 1964. Geography and Urban Evolution in the San Francisco Bay Area. Berkeley: University of California, Institute of Governmental Studies.

______. 1975. Man and Super-City: Complex Structure of the Bay Area in the Seventies. In I Came to the City: Essays and Comments on the Urban Scene, edited by M.E.E. Hurst, 17-28. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

Beach, T. 1998a. Soil Catenas, Tropical Deforestation, and Ancient and Contemporary Soil Erosion in the Peten, Guatemala. Physical Geography 19 (5): 378-405.

______. 1998b. Soil Constraints on Northwest Yucatan, Mexico: Pedoarchaeology and Maya Subsistence at Chunchucmil. Geoarchaeology 13 (8) 759-791.

Articles

Popular magazine

McGraw, D. 1998. Whirlwind Tourism. U.S. News and World Report, 8 June, 58.

Marshall, T. 1993. A Passion for Prediction. Weatherwise, April-May, 22-26.

Sullivan, R. 1997. Dark Behind it Rose the Forest. Outside 22 (7): 62-73 & 141-143.

Stegner, P. 2000. Beyond the Sunset. Sierra 85 (3): 44-46.

Kapland, M.F., and M. Adams. 1986. Using the Past to Protect the Future: Marking Nuclear Waste Disposal Sites. Archaeology 39 (September-October): 51-54.

Scholarly journal or magazine

Tuan, Y.-F. 1991. Language and the Making of Place: A Narrative-Descriptive Approach. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 81 (4): 684-696.

Rybczynski, W., and P. Linnemann. 1999. How to Save Our Shrinking Cities. Public Interest 135: 30-44.

Ward, R.C. 1992. The Spirits Will Leave: Preventing the Desecration and Destruction of Native American Sacred Sites on Federal Land. Ecology Law Quarterly 19 (4) 795-846.

Forthcoming article

Winkler, A. Forthcoming. Local Soil Knowledge: A Tool for Sustainable Land Management. Society and Natural Resources.

Publications by Government Agencies & Other Organizations

PRB [Population Reference Bureau]. 1995. 1995 World Population Data Sheet. Washington, D.C.: Population Reference Bureau.

CDWR [California Department of Water Resources]. 1978. Water Quality Course Manual: Introduction to Water Quality. Sacramento: California State Department of Water Resources.

USEPA [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]. 1976. Quality Criteria for Water. Washington D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

NOAA [National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]. 1980. Climate of Montana. In Climates of the States, 2d ed., 1: 437-454. Detroit: Gale Research.

Statistics Canada. 1992. Census Divisions and Census Subdivisions, Western Provinces and the Territories. Ottawa: Statistics Canada.

Bureau of the Census. 1994. County and City Data Book. 12^th ed. Washington D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce.

Kiss, A. 1990. Living with Wildlife: Wildlife Resource Management with Local Participation in Africa. World Bank Technical Paper No. 130. Africa Technical Department Series. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.

Brochure

Berditschevsky, M. 1992. Save Mt. Shasta #2. Leaflet.

Reports from various years

Urban Council. Various years. Annual Report. Hong Kong: Urban Council.

Dissertations, Theses

LaDow, M.B. 1994. The Medicine Line: Nations and Identity on the Montana-Saskatchewan Frontier, 1877-1920. Ph.D. diss., Brandeis University.

Coey, R.M. 1998. Effects of Sedimentation on Incubating Coho Salmon in Prairie Creek, California. M.S. thesis, Humboldt State University, Arcata, California.

Papers or Proceedings from a Conference

Parkes, G.S., L.A. Ketch, and C.T. O’ÄôReilly. 1997. Storm Surge Events in the Maritimes. Paper presented at the Canadian Coastal Conference, Halifax, Nova Scotia, March.

Li, W. 1995. Los Angeles’Äô Chinese Ethnoburb: Evolution of Ethnic Community and Economy. Paper presented at Association of American Geographers Annual Meeting, Chicago, Illinois, March.

NEA [U.S. Nuclear Energy Agency]. 1989. Risks Associated with Human Intrusion at Radioactive Waste Disposal Sites. Proceedings of an NEA Workshop, Paris, 5-7 June.

Fernandez-Gimenez, M.T., L. Huntsinger, C. Phillips, and B.H. Allen-Diza. 1992. Conflicting Values: Spirituality and Wilderness at Mt. Shasta. In Proceedings of the Symposium on Social Aspects and Recreation Research, February 19-22, 36-37. Ontario, Calif.: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station.

Internet Sources/Web Sites

CNN [Cable News Network]. 2000. Columbian Rebels Take Helicopter Crew Hostage in Ecuador. Cnn.com, 12 October. [http.//www.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/Americas/10/12/Ecuador.kidnapping.ap/].

CI [Conservation International]. 1998. Megadiversity Country Data Tables: World Rank in Total Diversity. [http.//www.conservation.org/web/fieldact/megadiv/tables/divrank.htm].

InfoSpace and infoUSA Inc. 1998. Canada: Business by Name. [http://www.infospace.com/
canada/canadabiz.htm].

Atlanta Regional Commission. 1990. About the Atlanta Region. [http.//www.atlanta-info.com/movers/about_region.html].

Russia Today. 1998. Christ the Savior Cathedral Has Started to Decay. Russia Today, 11 December. [http://www.russiatoday.com].

Storm Chasing Adventure Tours. 2000. [http.//www.storm-chaser.com].

National Weather Service. 1999. Historical Tornado Data Archive. [http://www.spc.noaa.gov/
archive/tornadoes/index.html].

E-mail

Orttung, R. 1997. Luzhkov Attacks Homeless. Institute for EastWest Studies Russian Regional Report 2 (19). [E-mail, 29 May].

Miller, C. 1999. E-mail to L. Huntsinger. 7 October.

Newspaper/News Wire Service

Eureka Times Standard. 2000. Eureka Treasures. Eureka Times Standard, 18 September, Sec. A, 1, 4.

Martin, D. 1998. Trade Corridor Connects Alberta Commerce to U.S. Calgary Herald, 28 August, Sec. A, 19.

Wald, M. 1999. White House to Present $7.8 Billion Plan for Everglades. New York Times, 1 July, Sec. A, 14.

Robbins, S. 1997. A Matter of Heritage: Would a Buffalo Commons Work? Dickinson [N. Dak.] Press, 19 October, Sec.1, 8.

Harris, M. 1964. S.F. Told to Stop Bragging. San Francisco Chronicle, 11 November, 1, 16.

Petrov, A. 1997. Corrupt Police Abuse Registration Law. Moscow News, 7-13 August (U.S. edition), 5.

Wichman, L. 1998. Atlanta’Äôs Gridlock Hurting City’Äôs Reputation and Environment. Associated Press, 6 September.

Information Missing

Missing date and/or publisher

Fort Benton Chamber of Commerce. [1998?] Discover Fort Benton, the Birthplace of Montana. N.p.

Chinook County Historical Society. 1998. Calendar of Events, 1998-1999. N.p.

NPS [National Park Service]. N.d. Conservation Quotes, National Park Service Archives K5410.

Missing author

The Freemason’Äôs Chronicle. 1895. Consecration: Empress Lodge. The Freemason’Äôs Chronicle, 19 October, 166-167.

New York Times. 2000. Plans for Mexican Salt Plant Are Cancelled. New York Times, 3 March, Sec. A, 4.

Cultural Survival Quarterly. 1991. Just What Is Conservation? Indigenous People Are Often Left Out of the Environmental "Loop." Cultural Survival Quarterly 14 (4): 20-29.

Unpublished Data or Reports

Allen-Diaz, B.H., C. Phillips, and M.T. Fenandez-Gimenez. 1992. Mt. Shasta Meadows Restoration Plan. Mount Shasta, Calif.: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Mount Shasta Ranger District. Unpublished report.

Marine Department, Peninsular Malaysia. 1993. Unpublished data on vessels passing One Fathom Bank Lighthouse. Kuala Lumpur.

Zelinsky, W., and B.A. Lee. 1993. The Contemporary Ethnic Geography of Metropolitan America. Unpublished proposal.

Prastein, J. 1990. A Study of the Migration of the Vietnamese Population from Clarendon. Unpublished paper.

Interviews

Libreros, D.E. 1995. Telephone and personal interview with and fax and letter to the author. New York, September.

Bremer Gonzalez, J. I. 1994. Interview with the author. Guerrero Negro, Baja California Sur, 26 April.

Valdivieso, P. 1993. Letter to the author. 25 October.

Film, TV, Video, and Music

Film

Lewis, M., and L. Mulvey, prods., writers, and dirs. 1993. Disgraced Monuments. Monumental Pictures. Film.

Parker, O., dir. 1995. Othello. New York: Castle Rock Entertainment. Film.

TV/Video

Real Life Twisters. 1996. Evening Magazine, 21, May. KING-TV, Seattle, Wash.: 18 mins. Local program.

Sembritzky, S., dir. 1996. Twisters: Nature’Äôs Deadly Force. VCI Home Video: 50 minutes. Videocassette.

The Trail of the Twisters. 1996. NewsChannel 19, 11 parts, 5-10 May. WHNT-TV, Huntsville, Ala.: 40 mins. Local news segment.

Hoppe, B. and B. Lattanzi, writers. 1995. The Universe Within. Nova. Directed by G. Koide, produced by P. Apsell. Boston: WGBH. Broadcast program.

Music

Williams, H. 1952. Settin’Äô the Woods on Fire. Recorded 13 June, Castle Studios, Nashville, Tenn. (MGM 11318). Lyrics by Ed Nelson and Fred Rose.

Cartographic Citations

[Adapted from :Clark, Suzanne M., Mary Lynette Larsgaard, and Cynthia M. Teague. 1992. Cartographic Citations: A Style Guide. Chicago: American Library Association, Map and Geography Round Table, MAGERT Circular No. 1.]

Map on a single sheet

Author. Date. Title [format]. Edition. Scale. Place of publication: Publisher.

Map in a topographic series

Author. Date. Sheet Title [format]. Edition. Scale. Series, sheet number. Place of publication: Publisher.

Map in a series (NOT topographic)

Author. Date. Sheet Title [format]. Edition. Scale. Series title and/or number. Place of publication: Publisher.

Facsimile or reproduction map

Author. Date [Original date of publication]. Title [format]. Scale. Original place of publication: Original publisher. As produced by, Place of publication: Publisher.

Map in a book

Map author. Date. Map title [format]. Scale. Place of Publication: Publisher. In: Book author. Date. Book title. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher, page.

Map in a journal

Map author. Date. Map title [format]. In: Article author. Article title, Journal title, Volume (number): page.

Atlas

Author. Date. Title. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher.

Map or plate in an atlas

Map author. Date. Map title [format]. Scale. In: Atlas author. Atlas title. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher, page.

Map in a computer-based atlas

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Map produced using GIS software

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Aerial photograph

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