|
|
|
|
Syllabus Paper Guidelines Timeline Rwanda Timeline 303 : Race and Ethnicity : Timeline 1400’s Move around the world – Portugual and Spain are Major world powers. Driven by search for resources, in particular gold. 1445 – Portugeuse took 10 Africans back to Lisbon as part of regular slave trade. 1490’s – Columbus runs into the West Indies (Hispanola) looking for access to Asia, gold and spices. Contact deadly for those in what become the "Americas." Conservative estimate of America population is 20-75 million people. Most were non-nomadic, grew domesticated crops, and so on. 1500’s Europeans continue spread into both Africa and Americas. Portugal colonizes Brazil and begins importing large numbers of enslaved Africans. Spainards invade Americas and move through Central America and Mexico. 1585 – English try the "Roanoke Experiment" off the coast of Virginia – all die. Europeans bring with them: 1. desire for land, gold, resources 2. Belief in a hierarchy ordained by God. Non-Christians as appropriate to exploit. 3. Policy of "vaccum domicilium" "Unoccupied land can and should be seized." 1600’s Beginning of English Colonies in North America 1607 – Jamestown 1616-1618 – Epidemic of smallpox kills half of coastal Indian population on East coast. 1619 – First Africans (20-odd) are brought into Jamestown and sold as indentured servants Start getting different treatment of Africans and European indentured servants quickly 1637 – First slave ship sails out of Massachusetts, called The Desire 1641 – Massachusetts legalizes permanent slavery 1661 – Virginia legalizes slavery During the 1600’s – 75% of Europeans who come to colonies are indentured servants. BY 1619 OVER 1 MILLION AFRICANS ALREADY BROUGHT TO NEW WORLD AS SLAVES 1700’s Heavy exploitation of Africans in the West Indies and in South America. Used to produce sugar and to mine for minerals and gold. Life span of enslaved men is five years once arrive. Native groups are pitted against each other, aligned with French or English as each group makes promises about respecting sovergnty rights of Indians. Continuing push Westward through the Colonies, English violation of own proclamations and treaties. By 1760 – the enslaved account for _ of the population in the colonies. 1776 – War for Independence from England. Britian promises to free the enslaved if they fight for the English 1780’s – The U.S. constitution is developed. Indian people are granted no right to participate as citizens in the US African enslaved people are denied humanity and considered 3/5th of a human being. 1793 – Eli Whitney develops the "cotton gin." This creates a great demand for labor - which is met by the increase in the use of enslaved people. 1790's – 61% of white population was English 17% was Scotch Irish 9% German 3% Dutch 2% were Irish, 1% Swede Between 1619-1808 – The South alone "imported" approximately 400,000 slaves. The western world (South and North America imported 10-20 million slaves - approximately only 1/3 of those stolen from Africa - rest died in transit, or killed in "training") 1800’s 1808 – official end to the slave trade 1820's – only 8,000 Europeans entering country annually 1800-1850 – remaining Native American population is cut in half 1838 – Trail of Tears - forced march of 16,000 Cherokee from Georgia to Oklahoma about 30% die en route. (Gold had been found in Georgia and land was desired for cotton production). 1840-1880 – 1ST great Wave of European Immigration 8 million Northern Europeans entered. From Britain, Germany, Ireland, and Scandinavia. Protestant 1850 – Compromise of 1850 - allowed partial expansion of slavery into Texas; states above the Mason Dixon line would not be slave holding states. Tensions mounting over this. Along with the Compromise of 1850 - passed the Fugitive Slave Act, which enabled slaves to be brought back from the North, and pressed all citizens to turn runaway slaves in. A slave catcher could come and capture even a freed black person and claim in court that they were their runaway property - since blacks couldn't testify against a white person, it was a set up for disaster for blacks. 1848-1882 – Chinese Immigrants at peak. 228,945 admitted 1882 – Chinese exclusion Act is passed. 1st national group legally prevented from immigrating to US. 1848 – Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo End of Mexican-American War. 80,000 Mexicans are "aquired" with the lands of Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, 1/2 of Colorado and the rest of Texas. 1862 – Emancipation Proclamation 1865 – End of the Civil War (At this time over 4 million Blacks are slaves in the Southern States; constituted 35% of the Southern population. Only 5.5 of White Southern Population owns slaves). 1874-1876 – Slaughter of the Buffalo on plains 1865-1877 – Period of Southern Reconstruction. 1877 – Gentleman's Agreement between North and South (Rutherford Hays makes bargain with Southern White democrats that if they back his election as President he will pull federal troops out of the South and not interfere with black/white relations). Beginning of Jim Crow legislation in the South. 1880-1930 – 2nd Great Wave of European Immigration 24 Million Europeans entered. Predominately Catholic and Jewish Southern and Eastern Europeans. Italians, Poles, Russian Jews predominate. Ireland continues to send significant numbers as well. Intense Nativist activity against these immigrants. 1886 – Largest Japanese immigration - approximately 274,000 Japanese enter the US 1886-1889 – 80,000 Japanese workers enter Hawai'i 1907 Gentleman's Agreement reached between Washington and Tokyo cut off Japanese immigration. 1887 - Allotment Act (divided up Native American land into individual parcels, then taken by settlers). 1896 - Plessy versus Fergeson (Separate but equal) Not overturned until 1954 - Brown v. Board of Education 1890 – Battle of Wounded Knee – effort to force Sioux onto reservations. 1900’s 1911 – Race riots in Detroit, Chicago. White mobs move through black neighborhoods killing people and destroying property. 1913 – Alien Land Law is passed – makes it illegal for non-citizens to own land. Only whites and blacks at this time could be naturalized as citizens. Through to the 1930’s was the 2nd Great Wave of European Immigration Simultaneously, Chinese immigration is prohibited Japanese immigration is prohibited (in the "Gentleman’s Agreement" of 1907) African descent people are prohibited from full participation in the economy through legal discrimination in both the North and the South. Housing discrimination is practiced through the policy of "redlining" and through the Federal Housing Authorities practice of not loaning money into minority areas or "mixed areas." Practice continues through the 1950’s (legally) and extra-legally through the contemporary moment. 1942 – Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066, providing for the internment of the Japanese. (90% of Japanese in mainland US are interned, over 110,000 – 70,000 of these are US citizens; while only 1% of Japanese in Hawaii are interned). In 1944, most released through signing of "loyalty oath." Camps closed in December 1945. Last internee evicted from closed camps in March 1946. Between 1942-1964 – the "Bracero Program" is used to bring Mexicans into the US for seasonal labor and then to expel them at the end of the work period. 1944 – First "anti-discrimination" policy is signed by the President to ban discrimination in War-time industries. (At the same time, soldiers are serving in segregated units in the military). 1954 – Brown v. Board of Education in Topeka, Kansas. Overturns the Separate but Equal Ruling" that legitimates segregation.
|
|